The Product-Minded Software Engineer
导读:背景知识对于理解文章究竟有多重要?
背景知识的重要性
这个标题“The Product-Minded Software Engineer”中有两个关键词,product-minded(产品思维)和 engineer(工程师)。这篇文章的主题是产品思维,那我们就要先去了解一些背景知识。
核心词汇:minded
我们一般会在 minded 前面加一个形容词或名词,用连字符连接,通过连用构成复合形容词,表示“具有某种(前面形容词定义的)思维(或态度、性格)”。我们通过几个例句,来感受一下 minded 这个词的使用场景。
1 | 例句:The United States is a sports-minded country, with millions of fans who follow football, baseball, basketball and hockey, among other sports. |
什么时候适合用“词根词缀法”来背单词?
先来精读文章第一段:
1 | 1. Proactive with product ideas/opinions |
知识讲解
proactive
它的意思是“积极、主动的”,它的反义词是 reactive,“消极、被动的”。
我们先来看一个例句,通过这个例句我们来学习这两个词的含义。
1 | 例句:The difference between proactive people and reactive people is that proactive people take initiative, and they come up with ideas to get things done despite the conditions they are in. Reactive people, on the other hand, usually are the ones to react to a situation rather than take initiative to create a situation. |
讲到 reactive, 想到了 reactive programming(响应式编程)。
同样道理,Pro- 和 Re- 这一对反义前缀,能够帮助我们更好地理解和记忆其他单词。例如 progress(前进、进化)和 regress(后退、退化)。它们的英语解释如下:
1 | Progress is to move, go, or proceed forward; to advance. |
settle for / settle
英文解释:
1 | settle for (something): |
简单来说,settle for 就是“勉强同意接受,将就或者凑合”的意思。
1 | 例句:He demanded a bigger raise but decided to settle for what they offered. |
同样,settle 这个动词有“停留、安顿”的含义,也可以衍生出“将就、凑合、妥协”的意思。苹果公司创始人乔布斯在他著名的斯坦福大学毕业典礼演讲中就有这么一段,你可以感受一下:
And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large >part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great >work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, >keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. >And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So >keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.
在这段话里,乔帮主两次提到“Don’t settle”,就是让我们跟随自己的内心,去寻找我们倾心的工作或爱情,找到了,你的心会告诉你,往后的日子历久弥新会越来越好;还没找到的话,千万不要放弃,不要妥协,不可以将就和凑合。
specification
在工程中,指的是“设计说明书、设计规范”的意思:a detailed description of the design and materials used to make something.
jump to
顾名思义是“匆匆忙忙、很快,甚至有些草率”的意思。
第一种用法:jump to conclusions: to guess the facts about a situation without having enough information.
1 | 例句:Don’t jump to conclusions! Perhaps it was his daughter he was dancing with. |
第二种用法:jump to it (informal): used to tell someone to do something quickly.
1 | 例句:I told you to tidy this room - now jump to it! |
第三种用法:jump to sb’s defence: to quickly defend someone.
1 | 例句:Whenever anyone criticizes her husband, she immediately jumps to his defence. |
approach
这一段出现了两次 approach,分别有不同的意思。第一处是动词,意思是“找(某人)谈话、与(某人)打交道”,第二处是名词,意思是“(处理)方法”。这些都是最早从 to go or come near in place or in time 或者 come near in quality or character, resemble, become similar 等含义中衍生出来的意思。
1 | 例句:The workers approached the manager with a request for shorter working hours. |
到底要不要学语法?什么时候学比较好?
精读文章的第二段:
1 | 2. Interest in the business, user behavior and data on this |
所有的英语句子,无论长短多少、变态与否,都可以归入三类:简单句、并列句和复合句。
知识讲解
状语(分词短语做时间状语)
When coming with ideas, product-minded engineers don’t just get these from thin air.
这段话的第一句就是分词短语做时间状语。所谓状语,顾名思义,就是对动作的状态进行描述的句子成分,可以是单词(副词)、短语(分词短语)或句子(状语从句)。状语可以用来说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、频率、方式、伴随等等。
看几个分词短语做时间状语的超级简单的例句,一般都带有引导时间状语的关系连词,例如 before、after、when 等,分词短语紧随其后。
1 | 例句:She normally boils the water before drinking it. |
thin air
英文解释:nowhere to be found in a giant void;nihility; nothingness; nullity; void; the state of nonexistence。
1 | 例句:You need to work hard—opportunities don’t just come out of thin air. |
和 thin air 搭配的介词,通常是 out of 或者 from。
动词宾语从句
They take the time to understand how the business works, how the product fits in, and what its goals are.
这句话首先是用不定式 to do 做状语,表示目的。程序员花时间干什么?to understand,是一个及物动词,去了解,了解什么?后面跟的就是宾语从句,而且是三个并列的宾语从句。
take (time)
take the time 是非常地道的搭配,如果非要说 spend the time,当然别人也能理解,但一听就是不地道的英语。另外,take 还可以和具体的时间搭配在一起,你可以把 the time 换成具体的事情,表示“做什么事情需要花多少时间”。
1 | 例句:I took three hours to get home last night. |
fit in
fit in 的第一个意思是“融入”,英文解释是:To become assimilated into and accepted by a group。
1 | 例句:I just don’t fit in with any of the kids at my new school. |
fit in 的第二个意思是“适合”,英文解释是:To blend or work harmoniously with something。
1 | 例句:Working in a research lab really fits in with my shy personality. |
介词宾语从句
They are also empathetic about how the product makes users feel and how those users benefit >from using this product. They often dive straight to data about business and user metrics, >getting their hands on this data however they can.
这句话说,他们会共情,会去换位思考。思考什么?about 这个介词后面跟了两个并列的宾语从句。第一,思考产品将给用户带来什么感受;第二,思考用户如何从使用产品中受益。
最后半句是分词短语做状语,这个街角我们已经走过好几次了。这里的状语表示伴随状态,程序员们会直接去研究商业数据和用户指标,getting hands on,表示“同时动手获取这些数据”。
empathy 和 sympathy
empathy 和 sympathy 这两个单词的拼写很相像,含义似乎相似,但其实完全不一样。
empathy 表示“感同身受”,它的英文解释是:an individual’s ability to understand what another person is going through, by perceiving himself in the same situation,指一个人通过把自己放到相同的情境中感知自己,来理解另一个人正在经历的事情的能力。而有时候我们说“共情”,是强调“理解、共鸣”的意思。你可以通过下面这个例句再感受一下。
1 | 例句:He is empathetic with the jobless youth, as he was also struggling for a job in his early years. |
而 Sympathy 表示“同情”,它的英文解释是:the feeling of sorrow for the hardships, problems and pain caused to another person,指“对另一个人造成的困难、问题和痛苦感到悲伤或怜悯”,更强调“同情、悲悯”。
1 | 例句:All Tony’s friends joined in sending their sympathies to his widow Jean. |
dive
dive 的本意是“跳水”,就是头和两臂先入水的那种,plunge head first into water。它也可以指“鱼类、潜水艇或人类,借助呼吸设备潜水到更深的水下,(of a fish, a submarine, or a vessel used for underwater exploration) go to a deeper level in water (using breathing equipment)。
1 | 例句:The fish dive down to about 1,400 feet and then swim southwest. |
除此之外,dive 还可以指“飞机或鸟类在空中俯冲”,(of an aircraft or bird) plunge steeply downward through the air。
1 | 例句:The aircraft dove for the ground to avoid the attack. |
在此基础上,我们可以通过“一头扎进去”这个意思,进一步引申出“立即开始采取行动、深入分析研究”等含义。例如本段话里的 dive to,就有程序员“立刻开始深入挖掘数据”的意思。比较常见的搭配还有 deep dive。
1 | 例句:Although this article does not provide a deep dive into the programming language, some Objective-C fundamentals are provided below. |
(user) metrics
software metrics 即“软件测量 / 度量”,有时候也叫 software measurements。
要想真正跳脱出软件开发的暗箱,除了定性评估以外,还需要一系列基于数值的度量指标来进行测评。同样道理,对于一个产品的用户体验,也有相应的用户测量指标。
1 | 例句:Software metrics are numerical ratings to measure the complexity and reliability of source code, the length and quality of the development process and the performance of the application when completed. |
插入语
They might access it directly - if this is possible - or approach the product manager or data >scientists to get this kind of information. They do this because of their curious nature. This >is the next trait I’ve observed.
在这句话里,if this is possible 是插入语。在阅读的过程中,如果感觉句子偏长或者偏复杂,我们完全可以先忽略插入语。插入语通常夹在两个破折号或者两个逗号之间。
从那些不规范的表达中,我们可以学到什么?
文章的第三段和第四段:
1 | 3. Curiosity and a keen interest in "why?" |
这几段话的意思比较直白,但存在几处写作不规范的地方,可以作为反面教材,供我们分析。
首先,口语交流和书面写作对于语言精确和严谨程度的预期要求是不同的。如果只是作为口语交流,只要不影响意思的表达,出现一些语法错误或者不规范之处,并无大碍;但对于那些需要正式发表的书面稿件,例如学术论文、合约、新闻稿等,写作过程中的语言就要力求规范。
其次,我们不要迷信那些英语是母语的外国人,觉得他们说的或写的每句话都一定是正确的。有时候因为各种原因,英语母语国家的人在口头和书面表达中都会出现或多或少的错误用法,其随意性甚至超过外语学习者。
知识讲解
curiosity/keen interest
curiosity killed the cat,“好奇害死猫”,说的就是好奇心容易惹祸上身,即便猫有九条命都不够死,告诫别人不要多管闲事,不要到处打听和自己无关的事情。
Inquisitiveness can lead one into dangerous situations.Keen interest,意思是“浓厚的兴趣”。有一个常用的英语成语也可以表示同样的意思,但是非常形象生动,(as) keen as mustard,“像芥末一样浓烈”,表示 very excited and interested;very enthusiastic。mustard 是黄芥末,由芥菜种子碾磨而成,在西方国家比较常见,一般和热狗搭配。日本料理使用的是绿芥末,wasabi,其实是山葵酱。
类似 as X as Y 这样的英语成语还有不少,例如 as hard as nail,as hot as hell 等,第一个 as 在口语或非正式表达中可以省略。很多成语是约定俗成的传统表达方式,其中有些比喻涉及特定的文化背景。
1 | 例句:I gave him the job because he was willing to learn and seemed as keen as mustard. |
why (not) do 结构
Product-minded engineers like to understand the “why?” behind all things. Why build this >feature for the product, why not the other one? Why ship this first milestone, instead of >choosing another one, that’s a lot simpler to build? How will things be measured - why don’t ?>we choose a more thorough way to measure things?
第一句话“具有产品意识的工程师喜欢去理解所有事物背后的那个为什么”的后面,跟了三组并列的问句,来举例说明具有产品思维的工程师通常会问的问题。
注意 why+do 和 why not+do 的结构和用法。why+do 通常表示“该动作没有必要、无意义”。why not+do 通常表示“建议采取该动作”。
1 | Why build this feature for the product? = Why do we build this feature for the product? |
ship the milestone
“发布某一阶段的成果”或者“上市某一版产品”的意思。
ship 做动词的时候,基本含义是“船运”“运输”,在此基础上引申出“发货”“上市” “发布”等含义。milestone 由“里程碑”(a stone pillar that shows the distance in miles to or from a place)引申出了“重大事件”“阶段性成果”“重要时间节点”等含义。因此,除非你讲的是物流(例如航运行业)的事情,其他大部分语境下 ship 都是指“产品上市、发布或者发货”的意思。
1 | 例句:Apple will unveil a 10-inch touchscreen tablet device in January, and ship the product in March. |
不规范的定语从句
Why ship this first milestone, instead of choosing another one, that’s a lot simpler to build?
此句标黑处为限定性定语从句,修饰先行词 another one,所以这里应该去掉逗号。如果是非限定性定语从句,要保留逗号,但 that 必须改为 which。
autonomous
They are autonomous in finding answers they can, by themselves. They turn to the product manager and >other people in the business for other product-related questions.
autonomous 一般指“地区或组织享有自治权”,英文意思是 governs or controls itself rather than being controlled by anyone else,或者指“个人独立自主、自发做一些事情(例如本句)”,英文意思是 able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else。
1 | A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous vehicle (AV), driverless car or robotic car, is a vehicle that can sense its environment and moving safely with little or no human input. |
需要指出的是,互联网公司研发自动驾驶汽车比较喜欢用 driverless 这个词,突出无人驾驶,表示未来要取消驾驶员。而传统的汽车行业更坚持使用 autonomous 这个词,淡化“无人”的概念,并强调非由机器还是人类来驾驶汽车,这个决定最终要由人类做出,不能剥夺人类的驾驶乐趣。所以,一个简单的单词背后,代表的可能是不同行业对同一件事的不同态度。
1 | Oracle Autonomous Database is a cloud-based technology designed to automate many of the routine tasks required to manage Oracle databases, which Oracle says can free up DBAs to do higher-level and more strategic work. |
定语从句
They are autonomous in finding answers they can, by themselves.
此句标黑处为定语从句,修饰 answers,完整形式为 that they can find,也可省略 that(that 或 which 做从句谓语动词的宾语时,可省略)和 find (和前文主句中的动词 find 重合)。
此句中的定语从句和 by themselves 插入语均为冗余信息,autonomous 的含义已经非常清楚,作者一而再、再而三重复相同的意思,这就属于不规范写作。
turn to (somebody)
turn to 本身就含有“寻求帮助”的意思,我们在使用的时候可以不用再说 turn to someone for help/advise。
1 | 例句:Sometimes young lads just need to turn to a mother figure for a bit of a chat and reassurance. |
分词短语做插入语(语法关系不规范)
Even though they ask many questions, doing this frequently, they manage not to annoy people, as >they’ve built up strong relationships with them.
如果是口语表达,此句没有任何问题,意思也是明确的。但严格来讲,比较规范、符合语法的说法是 Even though they ask many questions frequently.
manage (not) to
If you manage to do something, especially something difficult, you succeed in doing it.
需要提醒特别注意的是,manage to 并不是指“试图去做”一件事情,而是强调“成功做到一件比较困难的事情”。
1 | 例句:Somehow, he’d managed to persuade Kay to buy one for him. |
communicator
Strong communicators and great relationships with non-engineers
英文解释是:( rather formal ) a person who is able to describe their ideas and feelings clearly to others。在本文中指“(善于)交际者、交流者”,也可以泛指“通信器材”。
1 | 例句:Steve Jobs was a gifted communicator, and he used this skill to capture the attention of millions.翻译:乔布斯是一个有天赋的沟通者,他用这种技巧吸引了数百万人的注意力。 |
分词短语做状语(不规范用法)
Product-minded engineers like talking with people outside engineering, learning about what and why >they do. They are smooth communicators, making it clear they’re interested in learning more about how >other disciplines work. I frequently see them grabbing coffee, lunch, or doing a hallway chat with >non-engineers.
此句的加黑部分是上一讲我们讲过的分词短语做状语,但它的主句 They are smooth communicators 是描写状态的系表结构,只有系动词 are,没有具体的动作,因此这种情况下用分词短语做状语在此处是不恰当的。
我们可以把这句话改写成:They communicate smoothly and show their interest in learning more about how other disciplines work。这样的话,这句话就符合语法规范了。
最后一句话,就是任正非说的,要善于用一杯咖啡去吸收宇宙的能量。
tradeoff 还是 trade-off?用连字符到底对不对?
文章的第五段:
1 | 5. Offering product/engineering tradeoffs upfront |
知识讲解
tradeoff
这是一个复合名词,由动词和介词 / 副词小品词直接相连构成,你也可以写成 trade-off。同时,这是一个可数名词,可以加 s 变成复数形式 tradeoffs。无疑,这个词在文章中反复出现,所以肯定是整段的关键词,也是中心思想。
所谓 tradeoff,顾名思义,首先是“交易”的意思。有交易就有讨价还价,就有妥协,就有得有失,就有鱼和熊掌不可兼得。所以这个词指的是一种取舍、一种权衡,最后达成折中平衡。英文解释:A trade-off is a situation where you make a compromise between two things, or where you exchange all or part of one thing for another.
平时我们有各种利弊要取舍,不能西瓜也要,芝麻也要。一个手机,续航也要,但是不能太厚;屏幕要最好的,但不能太贵;要安全性,但不能太麻烦;要黑科技,但系统不能不稳定、不可靠。这条英文解释进一步诠释了 tradeoff 这一层的意思:A trade-off is a balance between two opposing things, that you are willing to accept in order to achieve something.
1 | 例句:Life is full of trade-offs. You cannot have your cake and eat it too. |
补充:“You cannot have your cake and eat it (too)”或者“You can’t eat your cake and [then still] have it (too)”是很常用的英语谚语,类似于“you can’t have the best of both worlds”。
1 | 例句:Depending on your system resources, there will always be some trade-offs between CPU, memory, and I/O in your tuning decisions. |
复合名词
复合名词构成的方法比较多,它可以由动词和介词 / 副词小品词组成,这在英语中很是常见。这种方式构成的复合名词与相关联的短语动词之间,意义基本相近。我们以短语动词 break out 为例来看下。
动词短语 break out 指“(战争、瘟疫)爆发、越狱”,由此我们可以引申出“摆脱局限的状态、突破”等含义。如果把 break 和 out 之间的空格去掉,这个动词短语就变成了复合名词 breakout。下面是三个例句。
1 | 例句:Bubble economy usually starts with false prosperity and ends in a breakout of financial crises. |
注意,颠倒两个单词的次序之后,还可以构成另外一个复合名词 outbreak,但这个词更多地特指“(战争、瘟疫)突然爆发、蔓延”。同时,outbreak 偶尔也可用作动词。
1 | 例句:Fears are growing of avian influenza outbreak following the appearance of several cases in the city. |
(a) few/(a) little
Because they have a strong understanding of the product “why,” as well as the engineering side of >things, they can bring suggestions that few other people can.
作为限定词,little 用于修饰不可数名词,few 用于修饰可数名词的复数。
需要特别注意的是,little 和 few 在不带 a 的情况下,表达的是否定的意思,表示“几乎没有”或者“很少”。比如 We have little time,表示“我们没时间了”。如果带 a,则表示肯定,“虽然不多,但有一些”。比如 We have a little time,表示“我们还有一些时间”。
1 | 例句:Few people can say they always tell the truth. |
这一句中,“A little knowledge is a dangerous thing”是一句英语谚语,按照字面的意思来说就是,“危险的不是一个人没有知识,而是有了一点点知识之后的过度自信和膨胀”。
figure out
Many engineers would start to look for ways to reduce the effort and try to figure out what the impact >of the reduced effort would mean for the feature itself.
这是个很常用的动词短语,意思是 find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of…,“找到问题的解决办法、搞清楚、弄明白”。这个很简单,我就不多说了,我们直接通过例句来感受使用场景。
1 | 例句:By 2020, scientists will figure out how to control robots via brain-machine interfaces. |
打破语言形式看实质含义
Product-minded engineers attack this problem from both angles: both looking for engineering >tradeoffs and what the product impact is. They also start making product tradeoffs, evaluating the >engineering impact.
第一句话。作者明确说了,具有产品思维的工程师们会从两个角度来解决问题,而且后面加了冒号,那我们必然预期,冒号后面会解释这两个角度分别是什么。
接下来,冒号后面又出现了第二个 both,我们的预期就更加明确了。both…and…这个平衡的结构你肯定知道。那前面提到过的两个角度肯定会工整地在 both 后面放一个,and 后面再放一个,就像下面这几个例句:
1 | She is both pretty and clever. (形容词) |
在 both 后面跟了一个现在分词短语,做主句中 from 的介词宾语,意思是在工程方面进行取舍。但是,and 后面却跟了一个从句,单纯从语法角度看这是 from 这个介词的宾语从句,显然形式不对等。形式不对等没关系,只要内容或者逻辑对等并列也行,我们可以解释主句讲的两个角度。但是,and 后面说的“对产品产生的影响”,是之前工程方面取舍的结果,逻辑上看并没有并列关系。
句子在这里就结束了,仿佛话说了半句,我们掉进了作者挖的坑里。从坑里爬出来,我们接着往下读,你会突然发现,原来作者另起炉灶讲的下一句话,才是前文讲的第二个角度 They also start making product tradeoffs, evaluating the engineering impact.,要在产品功能方面进行取舍,并评估对工程工作量的影响。
即便是非常严谨的学术著作,写作都有可能存在不严密的地方,更何况是这种相对随意一些的博客专栏。虽然语法上有些小瑕疵,但这种文章可以训练我们突破语言的形式外壳,去分析句子之间的逻辑关系,领会作者想要表达的实质含义。
独立主格结构
They often go back to the product manager, suggesting a completely different feature to be built, >given the product impact would be similar, but the engineering effort vastly smaller.
工程师们经常去找产品经理,去干什么呢?后面是我们已经非常熟悉的现在分词做状语,来表示目的,去找他们提建议,建议改产品的功能,而且还是完全不同的功能。产品经理刚要急,工程师马上就接上说,当然前提条件(given 后面跟的是从句)是产品的用户体验相似,然后话锋一转,但是工程师的工作量会大幅度下降。
这里我们需要讲解一下 but 后面的独立主格结构,英文叫作 Absolute Construction。所谓独立主格,首先它是一个“格”,属于短语性质的成分,而不是一个“句子”或“从句”,因为英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构。例如,我们将本段最后一句话改成 but the engineering effort would be vastly smaller 的话,这就变成了一个单独的句子。
而独立主格结构没有真正的主语和谓语动词,它由名词或代词作逻辑主语,再加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作逻辑谓语来构成的,前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构形式上与主句没有关系,但功能上相当于一个带有独立逻辑主语的状语从句。
1 | 例句:The wind failing, we lowered the sail. 风力减弱,我们放下了船帆。 |
The wind failing 带有自己的主语 wind,从语法结构上和主句的主语 we 不发生关系。但是,所谓的“独立”并非真正独立,它从逻辑或者意思上看,还是一种从属结构,在句中通常起状语的作用,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1 | 例句:Weather permitting, we will have a barbecue tomorrow. |
最著名(也最臭名昭著)的“独立主格结构”应该就是美国宪法修正案第二条了,它授予了美国公民合法持枪的权利。
A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to >keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.纪律优良之民众武装乃自由邦国安全所必需,故,人民持有并携带武器之权不受侵>犯。
juggle
Juggling both the product and engineering tradeoffs and the impact of each is a unique strength >product-minded engineers have.
juggle 这个词的原意是“玩杂耍的时候接连抛接几个物体”,英文解释是 to throw a set of three or more objects such as balls into the air and catch and throw them again quickly, one at a time,同时它也可以引申出“同时应付几件事情,一心多用、兼顾”等含义。我们还是通过几个例句来感受使用场景。
1 | 例句:I was juggling books, shopping bags and the baby. |
juggle 还有一个近义词 multitask,也是指“同时做几件事情、多任务处理”。但是,和 juggle 不同的是,multitask 是不及物动词,后面不跟宾语。
1 | 例句:According to a study published by the American Psychological Association, you spend between 20 and 40 percent more time when you multitask. |
back-and-forth
They can quickly go back-and-forth between the two sides of the same coin: product features and >engineering effort and tradeoffs.
back-and-forth 的意思是“来来回回”,英文解释是:moving first in one direction and then in the opposite one。但是,backward and forward 不能表示同样的意思。back 强调的是目的地、回到什么地方,比如 back home(回家);而 backward 只是一个方向,表示“倒退”。
1 | 例句:I will drive back to Shanghai this weekend. |
至于你的车是正着开还是倒着开,这句话并不关心,只是强调要“回去”,表示目的地而不是方向。
1 | 例句:This lessens the back-and-forth remote traffic and can reduce deployment times. |
two sides of the coin
“一个硬币的两面”。
1 | If two things are two sides of the same coin or opposite sides of the same coin, they are closely related to each other and cannot be separated, even though they seem to be completely different. |
insight
Because they do it all in their head, using their engineering and product insights, they get to >valuable conclusions remarkably quickly.
insight 有个现成的译法叫“洞察”。“洞”字非常准确生动,有“透彻、清楚”的意思,和英文中对 insight 的解释非常吻合:If you gain insight or an insight into a complex situation or problem, you gain an accurate and deep understanding of it.
所谓洞察,简单讲就是透过现象看到本质。
小心那些平淡无奇、人畜无害的简单小词!
文章的第六段:
1 | 6. Pragmatic handling of edge cases |
知识讲解
edge case
维基百科对这个词的定义是:Edge case occurs at an extreme (maximum or minimum) operating parameter.
edge case 较为常见的译法为“边缘案例”,指“一个运行参数或条件为极值(最大值或最小值)的情况”。类似的,我们来看下 corner case 这个词。
Corner case occurs outside of normal operating parameters, specifically when multiple environmental variables or conditions are simultaneously at extreme levels, even though each parameter is within the specified range for that parameter.
“边角案例”一词应该来自边缘案例,两个边缘的交叉点构成角,所以边角案例就是多个参数或条件均为极值的情形。如果音量调到最大,声音失真,这属于边缘案例;如果问题在音量最大、周边环境高湿、且同时一万人以上同时在线时才会出现,这属于边角案例。边角案例一般在复杂系统的测试或除错过程中才会出现。
Boundary case occurs when one of inputs is at or just beyond maximum or minimum limits.
还有一个词 boundary case,我们也叫“边界案例”或者“边界条件”,也是指系统输入刚好在上下限或是恰好超过上下限一点点的状态。
pragmatic
它既可以强调“一种务实的态度”(A pragmatic way of dealing with something is based on practical considerations, rather than theoretical ones.),也可以用来说“一个人非常务实”(A pragmatic person deals with things in a practical way.)。
1 | 例句:Incorporating both risk-based and customer-based analysis into your solution will yield a more pragmatic test plan. |
funny
Edge cases are a funny thing.
1 | 例句: |
另外,还有一些可以用来夸人的词汇,也比较常用。这些词不含负面意思,在交流的时候,你可以放心使用。这些词有:hilarious、humorous、amusing、entertaining 等。
除了 funny 外,还有很多类似的词,使用的时候也要特别小心。例如 interesting,其实它也是“呵呵”的意思。以下是一些工作和生活中非常常见的表达:
- Could we consider some other options?能否考虑其他方案?(你的方案是狗屎)
- It was a bit disappointing that…我感到有些失望……(你们 XXX 干的叫什么事!!!)
- Oh, by the way…顺便提一句……(下面要说的可能是谈话里最重要的一件事……)
- It is quite good. 还行吧。(不咋地。)
- It is not bad. 不坏。(真心不错,但不要骄傲。)
- With all due/the greatest respect…恕我冒昧,恕我直言……(后面跟的话就是要骂人了。)
- I hear what you say…你的意见我听到了……(你给我闭嘴吧!)
- It is a very brave proposal. 这真是个勇敢的提议。(我看这个愣头青大概是疯了吧!)
- I almost agree…我基本同意?(同意个鬼,基本不同意。)
现在分词短语(做状语和主语)
On one extreme, engineers often forget about many of these, having to come back to addressing them, >after getting feedback from people testing the product or end users. On the other hand, handling all >possible edge cases in a new product or feature can take a lot of time.
们用这两句话来复习一下现在分词短语做状语和做主语的情况。
这两句话讲了两个极端,一个是程序员完全忘了边缘案例这回事(一定是新手干的),还有一个就是在这个事情上花太多的时间和精力。
第一个极端,有的工程师经常健忘。结果怎么样呢?having to come back to addressing them,现在分词做状语,表示结果,结果不得不回过头来解决这些问题。什么时候发生的事情呢?after getting feedback from people testing the product or end users, 还是现在分词做状语,表示时间,从产品测试人员或最终用户那里得到反馈之后。
另外一个极端,handling all possible edge cases in a new product or feature can take a lot of time。从 handling 这个现在分词开始一直到 feature,这整个短语都是句子的主语,表示在一个新产品或功能中试图处理所有可能的边缘情况,can take 情态动词加上实义动词做谓语,可能会耗费大量的时间。
map out
Product-minded engineers quickly map out edge cases and think of ways to reduce work on them: >often >bringing solutions that require no engineering work.
map out 是“计划、规划、提前安排”的意思。例如,map out the future 的意思是“筹划未来”。它的英文解释是:If you map out something that you are intending to do, you work out in detail how you will do it.
1 | 例句:With the whole IT picture in hand, we can map out how the information flows from start to finish. |
focus 和 focused
They are focused on the “minimum lovable product concept” and evaluate the impact of an edge case and >the effort of handling it.
focus 是动词,表示“(某人)集中精力于某件事情上”。focused 是过去分词,可作形容词,表示“(注意力、眼神、焦点、光线等)集中的,(论文、计划等)目标明确的”
1 | 例句:I am exhausted, and just can’t focus on the work anymore. |
由上面这些例句我们可以看出,本段中的 They are focused on the “minimum lovable product concept”,改为 They focus on the “minimum lovable product concept”,其实会更好一点,直接用 focus 做 They 这个主语即程序员们的谓语动词。当然,如果非要说 They are focused on(focused 做形容词)意思也勉强说得通,不能算错。
minimum lovable product
MVP 指的是 Minimum Viable Product,按照字面含义可以直译为“最小可行产品”。这种产品只包含最简单的基本核心功能。
MLP 指的是 Minimum Lovable Product,可以直译为“最小可爱产品”。
两者之间的本质区别究竟在哪里?
MVP is the version of a new product that brings back the maximum amount of validated learning about your customers with the least effort. (强调以最小的努力换回最大数量的经过验证的客户反馈数据;目标在于了解用户体验。)
MLP is the version of a new product that brings back the maximum amount of love from your early tribe members with the least effort. (强调以最小的努力换回最大数量的首批部落成员的爱;目标在于直接开始圈粉。)
middle ground
They come with good middle-ground suggestions: mapping out most things that can go wrong and bring bringing suggestions on what edge cases need to be addressed, before shipping even an early version.
middle ground 的意思是“中间地带”,表示“折中、妥协之后的立场、观点、决定、协议”等等。字典里的解释是:a set of opinions, decisions, etc. that two or more groups who oppose each other can agree on; a position that is not extreme.
1 | 例句:More and more in this age of social media, it seems like people of differing views are unwilling to attempt to find a middle ground. |
注意:最后一句话的 bring 应该改成 bringing。
为什么虚拟语气一看就懂、一用就忘?
文章的第七、八段:
1 | 7. Quick product validation cycles |
首先,我们从整体看一下这段话。这段话中有两个从句,第一句的前半部分 Even before the feature they are working on is production-ready,是时间状语从句,表示“在功能上线之前”。其中,even 表示“高于预期,甚至”。主语 the feature 后面跟了一个定语从句,强调是“工程师们正在开发的”。在功能上线之前,工程师们就已经找到了创造性的方法来获取早期的反馈意见。
最后一句的标黑处 people will use this feature, the way we think they will?,这是比较随意的说法,相对规范一点的说法为:people will use this feature in the way we think they will. 当然原文并不影响意思的表达和理解,无伤大雅。但是一般我看到不太规范的地方,总是忍不住要去修改,或许这也是一种“语言洁癖”的症状吧……
知识讲解
work-in-progress
This could be doing hallway testing with colleagues, showing the work-in-progress feature to the product manager, >organizing a team bug bash on the beta build, and many other, creative ways.
work-in-progress 是一个不可数名词,指“半成品、在制品、在建项目”,有时会缩写为 WIP。在文章中指“尚在开发过程中的应用软件”。这里是名词作形容词来修饰 feature,即“在开发中的软件的某项功能”。
1 | 例句:You are strongly encouraged to save your document frequently, back-up regularly, and print your work-in-progress periodically. |
bug bash
这里的 bash,原意是“猛烈击打”。我们先来看维基百科给出的 bug bash 的定义。
1 | In software development, a bug bash is a procedure where all the developers, testers, program managers, usability researchers, designers, documentation folks, and even sometimes marketing people, put aside their regular day-to-day duties and “pound on the product”—that is, each exercises the product in every way they can think of. Because each person will use the product in slightly different (or very different) ways, and the product is getting a great deal of use in a short amount of time, this approach may reveal bugs relatively quickly. |
文章第八大段:
1 | 8. End-to-end product feature ownership |
ownership
它由 owner(物主、所有权人)加上 ship(表示地位、状态、关系的后缀,例如 leadership/friendship/dictatorship/partnership 等等)组成,本意是“物主身份、产权关系”。
1 | 例句:On January 23rd, America decided to relax its rules on the foreign ownership of its airlines. |
这里的 ownership 指的是“产权体制”。
普及两类特别容易混淆的企业概念
- 在国内,论及所有制(即 ownership)的时候,我们会区分国有企业、集体企业和非公有制企业(包括私营企业)等。而西方国家在对市场中的企业类型进行划分时,更常用的是 private company 和 public company 这两个相对的概念。初学者看到这组词的时候,容易望文生义,认为 private company 是“私营企业或者民营企业”,那么 public company 一定是“公有体制下的国有企业”。如果这么理解的话,那就大错特错啦。国有企业现在约定俗成的说法叫 state-owned-enterprise,缩写是 SOE。
那private company 和 public company 到底是什么意思呢?
1 | Privately held companies are—no surprise here—privately held. This means that, in most cases, the company is owned by its founders, management, or a group of private investors. A public company, on the other hand, is a company that has sold all or a portion of itself to the public via an initial public offering (IPO), meaning shareholders have a claim to part of the company’s assets and profits. |
根据这段解释,我们可以看出,private company 或者 privately held company 指的是“私人控股或持股公司”,一般由创始人、管理层或一群私人投资者拥有产权。
而 public company 其实指的是“公众持股公司”,大多数时候我们也可以称为“上市公司(listed company)”,指通过股权首次公开发行(或简称 IPO)向公众出售公司全部或部分资产的公司,当然持有股票的公众股东理论上可分享上市公司一定比例的资产和利润。
所以,在西方,区分公众公司和私人公司的标准并非对应中国的所有制形式,也不取决于规模大小(很多世界级的大型企业,例如美国的科氏工业集团、玛氏集团、彭博有限合伙企业等,都是不上市的私人企业),而是取决于公司的股份是否面向公众公开发行、是否可以自由转让。
最重要的是,一旦一个私人公司成为公众公司(英文可以叫 goes public),就不能再享有闭门经营、少数几个经营者说了算的自由,公众公司必须接受证券交易监督管理委员会的监管,满足定期向股东和公众进行信息披露的要求。公众公司也可以进行“私有化”(privatization,如果是一家上市公司,就是“退市”),私有化和公募上市是一个反向的过程。
1 | One of the biggest differences between the two types of companies is how they deal with public disclosure. If it’s a public U.S. company, which means it is trading on a U.S. stock exchange, it is typically required to file quarterly earnings reports (among other things) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This information is made available to shareholders and the public. Private companies, however, are not required to disclose their financial information to anyone, since they do not trade stock on a stock exchange. |
由财产权引申出来,我们经常会听到 Kate owns this project 这样的话,表面意思是“凯特拥有这个项目”,指的是“这个项目的负责人是凯特”。
文章中 ownership 的意思其实也是负责某个项目或某项工作的状态。字面上看,就是把公司的事情真正当作自己的,做事一跟到底,对结果负责。这一段小标题里面的 end-to-end(端到端),也是进一步强调了 ownership 这个意思。所以,ownership 其实也用来表示一个人有责任心,有主人翁精神,是一种可贵的、自发投入的工作状态。很多企业都会在自己的公司文化中倡导员工的 ownership 意识,和公司同心同德。
from…through… (all the way) to…
Most experienced engineers own their work end-to-end: from getting the specification, through implementing it, all the way to rolling it out and validating that it works correctly.
这是一个从 A 经过 B 到 C 的句型。all the way 表示“一直、自始至终”。ABC 可以是“时间、地点、一连串先后发生的事件”。此外,all the way through 也是一个惯用成语。
1 | 例句:I slept all the way through the film. |
beyond
Product-minded engineers often go a step beyond this.
介词 beyond 在英语日常表达中很常用,是充分体现英语语言效率的高能小词。它最核心的含义就是“超出范围”。在时间、空间、能力范围以外,基本都可以用这个词。
前几年北京雾霾比较严重的日子,AQI(Air Quality Index,空气质量指数)超过 500,我们会说“爆表了”,英文表述就是 beyond index(超出了正常的指数计量范围)。
1 | 例句:The night session will go beyond midnight. |
过去分词做宾语补足语
They consider their work done only after getting results on user behavior and business metrics.
这句话的前半句是典型的过去分词做宾语补足语的句型,后半句则是我们已经很熟悉的状语从句,表示时间,“只有在拿到…之后,他们的工作才算完成”。
1 | 例句:They keep the door locked for the whole day.(过去分词做宾语补足语) |
even if/though
Even though they might be working on a new project, they make checking on the results one of their top priorities.
even if 和 even though 意思相近,都可用于引导表示让步的状语从句,但它们的用法存在微妙差别。
even if 引导的从句一般是假设性的,并不符合真实的状况,表示“即使、就算、哪怕”等含义
1 | 例句:I wouldn’t marry you even if you were the last man in the world. |
even though 引导的从句,往往是在说真实发生的情况,表示“尽管、虽然”的意思。大部分情况下,我们可以直接用 though 或 although 代替,但是不可以说 even although。
1 | 例句:Thomas is awarded the best teacher of the year even though he has the least experience. |
当 even if 或 even though 引导让步状语从句时,后面可以是真实的条件句,也可以是虚拟语气。
用一句话来说,虚拟语气用来表示虚假的、与事实相反或难以实现的情况,也可以用来表示某种不确定的情形,体现主观愿望或某种强烈情感。
1 | 例句 1:If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the event. |
priority
priority 源于形容词 prior,意思是“优先的、前面的、更重要的事项”。有时候为了表示强调,我们会在 priority 前面加上 top 或者 number one,表示“重中之重、第一优先事项”。
它的词根 pri/prim/prin,表示“首先、第一、重要”等含义,我们所熟悉的 primary、prime minister/premier、prince/princess、principal、principle、primate 都带有这个前缀。
persistence
It’s not a time-consuming activity, but it needs that additional persistence from someone wanting to know: how is my work really doing?
persistence 源于形容词 persistent 和动词 persist。从词根的角度看,per=through,是“从头至尾、贯穿始终”的意思(例如 permanent、perpetual 等);sist=to stand,是“站立”的意思。例如,consist(站在一起 = 组成)、resist(站到反面 = 抵抗)。所以,合在一起这个词就是“始终站立、坚持到底”的意思。
动词 persist 一般和介词 in 搭配,意思要看上下文,较多情况下偏贬义,有“顽固坚持、执迷不悟”的意思。
几条词典的解释:
1 | to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way. (Cambridge Advanced Learners’ Dictionary) |
通过上面来自不同词典的解释可以看到,persist 一词有褒义的含义,但更多的语境下是偏贬义的,因此需要我们根据上下文来辨别它的具体含义。你可以理解为“坚持不懈”,更多语境下它带有“不顾别人的反对、执迷不悟”的意思。
1 | 例句:We join, we persist, we win. |
同样,形容词 persistent 和名词 persistence 的含义也要看上下文,也有褒义也有贬义。褒义的时候形容坚持不懈。
1 | 例句:Skill comes only with practice, patience and persistence. |
不过,它的近义词 persevere、perseverant 和 perseverance 则永远是褒义的,表示“孜孜以求、锲而不舍”,不用管上下文。
1 | 例句:By perseverance the crippled boy learned how to swim. |
as…as…
They are just as interested in finding the root cause between the product plan and the real world result, as they are to debug a hard-to-reproduce bug in the codebase.
as X as Y,比较活动 X 和 Y。
活动 X(即 finding…)做 interested in 的介词宾语,活动 Y 跟在第二个 as 后面,是表示比较的状语从句。句子虽然长,但框架结构很明确,强调“工程师们对活动 X(找产品问题的根源)的兴趣和活动 Y(捉虫,即找技术问题的根源)一样大”。
带你一次性搞懂非限定性和限定性定语从句
文章的第九段:
1 | 9. Strong product instincts through repeated cycles of learning |
知识详解
instinct
英文解释:An inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli,一种天生的行为模式,作为一个物种的群体特征,通常是对特定环境刺激的反应。
这里涉及一个常见的词根,sting/stinct/stimul=thorn/to prick,即“刺 / 刺激”的意思。in-stinct 就是“内在的刺激反应”,也就是“一种与生俱来的天性、天赋”,或者叫“本能、直觉”。
1 | 例句:Children do not know by instinct the difference between right and wrong. |
过去分词做前置定语
标题中的另一个词 repeated cycles,这是典型的过去分词做前置定语。需要注意的是,它有被动的含义,相当于 the cycles that are repeated。
1 | 例句:She says she’s got a broken heart. (=a heart that has been broken). |
这里就是被动的含义,但是也有一些过去分词在做前置定语的时候,带有主动的含义,例如:
- a fallen leaf=a leaf that has fallen 一片落叶
- a retired general =a general who has retired 一名退休的将军
还有一些过去分词在做前置定语的时候,也带有主动的含义,但必须和副词一起使用才可以。例如下面这些:
- a much-travelled man = a man who travelled much 一个经常出远门的人(不可以说 a travelled man)
- recently-arrived immigrants = immigrants who arrived recently 新来的移民(不可以说 arrived immigrants)
下一段话中有一句 Bring well-backed product suggestions to the table。其中的 well-backed suggestions 也是同样的用法,表示工程师提的建议有充分的依据,但是直接说 backed suggestions 而不带副词 well,那就错啦。
还有些过去分词,前置定语和后置定语的意思会发生变化,例如:
- an adopted child=a child who is brought up by people who are not his/her biological parents 一个被收养的孩子
- the solution adopted=the solution that is/was chosen 所采取的解决方案
bring (something) to the table
2.They bring suggestions and tradeoffs to the table, some of which are included in the revised spec.
这个词组的字面含义是“把…放到桌上”,一般可以引申出“提供(意见、建议等)、贡献(技能、经验等)”的意思,to provide or offer a useful skill or attribute,表示一般提供或贡献的是能拿得出手、上得了台面、有价值的东西。
1 | 例句:He brings years of leadership experience to the table. |
非限定性定语从句
They bring suggestions and tradeoffs to the table, some of which are included in the revised spec.
所谓限定性,就是从句要对前面修饰的内容进行限制,缩小范围。
例如,在“What is the name of the tall man who/that just came in? ”这句话中,说话的人问那个刚刚进来的高个男生叫什么名字? “刚刚进来的”就是限定,不可以省略,否则就会变成问所有的高个男生叫什么名字了,影响前面整个句子意思的完整性。
而非限定性定语从句,则是对前面的内容进行补充,增加信息。
刚才文中的那句话,逗号后面的 some of which…补充说明工程师提出了建议,而且有的还会加到新版的设计规范文件里面去。逗号后面这部分信息可有可无,即使省略,也不影响前面主句意思的完整性。
1 | She married a man that she met on a bus. |
从形式上看,限定性定语从句的先行词可以用 that 引导,主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开,引导词有时可以省略;而非限定性定语从句的先行词不可以用 that 引导,主句与从句需要用逗号隔开,引导词不可以省略。
我们看下面这两组句子。
1 | 第一组: |
此外,限定性定语从句只能修饰先行词,遵循就近原则。非限定性定语从句既可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。你可以比较下面这两句话:
1 | We had some ice-cream which was very unusual. |
第一句话是限定性定语从句,只能修饰先行词 ice-cream ,说明这个冰激凌不一般、很难得。
第二句非限定性定语从句,既可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子。所以这里就有可能产生歧义,一种理解和第一句一样,还有一种理解就是从句修饰 We had some ice-cream 这件事,强调我们不太吃冰激凌,所以吃冰激凌这件事情很少见、非同寻常。但是既然专门用了非限定性定语从句,一般作者的意图就是第二种解释,来强调吃冰激凌这件事。
live up to
4.After shipping the feature, they actively follow up to understand if the feature lives up to the expectation.
live up to 是一个很常用也很地道的动词短语,表示 to be as good as or have the qualities that someone predicted, expected, or hoped for,即“遵守(诺言)、符合(预期)、不辜负(期望)”等。
1 | 例句:We’d heard so many good things about the new restaurant, but the food didn’t live up to our expectations at all. |
动词后缀 -en
After each project, their product understanding deepens, and they start to develop better and better product instincts.
-en 是常用的动词后缀,形容词加上 -en 后缀,构成动词,表示“使得、变得”(make, become)。
例如,本句中 their product understanding deepens,deep 是形容词,表示“深、深刻”,加上 -en 后缀之后,变成动词 deepen,表示“变深、加深、使深刻”等含义,也就是工程师们对产品的理解加深了。
使用相同构词法构成的动词还有很多,例如 deaf(耳聋)加上 -en,就变成了 deafen(声音响得让人耳朵都要聋掉了)。这里列了一些类似的单词:
- broaden v 加宽(broad 宽)
- darken 变黑(dark 黑)
- dampen 使潮湿;使沮丧(damp 潮湿)
- hasten 促进(haste 匆忙)
- hearten 鼓励(heart 心)
- sharpen 削尖(sharp 尖)
- shorten 缩短(short 短)
deafening silence,”震耳欲聋的安静“。这是英语里常用的矛盾修饰法(oxymoron)。
另外,-en 后缀还可以和名词一起组成形容词,例如名词 gold 加上 -en 变成 golden,成为形容词,表示“黄金的、金色的”。类似的词还有 wooden、woolen 等等。
除了 -en 之外,常用的动词后缀还有 -ate/-ify/-ise/-ize 等。
relevant/irrelevant
The next time, they’ll bring even more relevant suggestions to the table.
这个词看似简单,只是表示“有意义的、密切相关的”(having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand),似乎没什么实质意义。类似,汉语里“有关部门”“相关问题”,听上去感觉含义很隐晦,所以很多中国同学经常会忽略这个词。但在英语中,relevant 这个词的含义一点都不隐晦哦,在很多场合,它的语气还很明确而强烈。
1 | 例句:These comments are not even relevant to this enquiry. |
而反义词 irrelevant 的含义则更加直白,“不相关”的意思就是“无关紧要、有没有都一样”。
1 | 例句:Their old hard-won skills now become irrelevant. |
a go-to person
Over time, they become a goto person for product managers, their advice being sought well before projects are kicked off.
a go-to person 这个词比较口语化,意思是“一个组织里的多面手、大拿、牛人”。每个公司或多或少都有这样几个人,你遇到棘手的问题都会去咨询他或她,这些人就是 goto person。
kick off
kick off 这个动词短语,最初的意思是指“足球比赛中的开球”,(of a football game, soccer game, etc.) be started or resumed after a score by a player kicking the ball from a designated spot。现在用得更多的是它的引申义,表示“(会议)开始、(项目)启动”。
1 | 例句:We’re going to kick off the new year with a huge party. |
小结
要善于“用一杯咖啡吸收宇宙能量”,其实都是一样的意思。因此,我们学英语绝非学习语言本身,在兴趣和好奇心的驱使下,广泛涉猎五花八门的百科知识,然后通过相同话题的外语“平行文本(parallel text)”的阅读或视听,来进行语言学习,是事半功倍的好方法。
培养好的态度和好的习惯。所谓好的态度,就是不要放过生活中碰到的任何一个疑问。心中苟有所开,即便札记。不则还塞之矣,意思就是说,你要是有了灵感,必须要马上记下来,不然很快就没了。
语言学习有方法但无捷径,语法如此,词根词缀也是如此。每天坚持听和读,有机会的时候加上一些说和写,不论多少,贵在坚持,细水长流,金石可断。
把学习外语想成你去一个陌生的地方旅行,别人的学习心得就是旅行攻略,而语法就是地图。无论你把地图研究得多么透彻,把街道名称倒背如流,都比不上真的踏上那片土地,亲自去挤一下当地的公交车,用脚丈量一下从酒店到山顶的几条步道,或者偶遇一家当地著名的苍蝇馆子,哪怕在街巷中迷失方向,都是非常好的体验。但请你一定不要急着想要把所有的语法规则记住背熟,现阶段跟我一起欣赏街景就好。
在英语学习的过程中,我们除了要学习一个一个的单词以外,更加重要的是,要多学固定搭配和短语。就像我们学习汉语的时候,光识字是不够的,认识了单个的汉字之后,我们其实更多的在学习词语、词组或者成语。
学习语言的唯一目的就是交流,只要这个目的达到了,不管白猫黑猫,都是好猫。如果反过来,关起门来对自己很宽松,到人前又瞻前顾后、不敢开口,就很难学好外语。
Stay hungry, stay foolish.”意在告诉人们,在自己精进的时候,要如饥似渴,始终保持“入口”的开放,做个吃货;但一旦付诸行动去实现自己认准的人生理想时,要如同赤子一般天真大胆,不怕别人耻笑,敢于在别人误解的目光里孤独前行,做个“傻缺”。
People don’t want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole(顾客不是想买一个 1/4 英寸的电钻,他们想要的是 1/4 英寸的洞!)。这句话想说的就是,顾客对产品本身不感兴趣,他们感兴趣的是产品能给他们带来什么好处。
语法永远是为意思服务的。数据本身是没有价值的,就如同语言文字千变万化,浩如烟海,慢慢地获得将数据转化为洞察力的本事,才能先行一步。正如《指环王》的作者托尔金在《汉姆的农夫吉尔斯》(Farmer Giles of Ham)里提到先知的牧师时说:He was a grammarian and could doubtless see further into the future than others.(他是一个语法学家,无疑他比其他人更能预见未来。)
平时自己在阅读的时候可以慢慢养成的一些习惯——首先,阅读过程中碰到不认识的词,在不影响大意理解的前提下,我们要勇敢地无视生词,直接碾压过去。千万不要每一个词都去查,否则除了效率降低以外,阅读的乐趣也会大打折扣;其次,如果发现这个词绕不过去,影响核心内容的理解,那就一定要查了。但是也不要只查一个中文的意思就结束了,顺便做三件事情:第一,查阅英英字典,了解一下英文的解释;第二,比较全面地了解一下这个词的几个不同意思,想一想这几个意思之间的关联性;第三,多读几个例句,了解这个词活生生的用法;最后,要善于去发现一些你似乎认得,但并不真正了解的“小词”。
在英语学习的过程,我们固然希望保持精益求精的态度,少犯低级的语法错误,但也不能因噎废食,因为害怕出错就畏惧开口。
词汇学习一定不能脱离上下文,背单词不如背例句,背例句不如自己模仿写例句。凡学英语,必学整句,不觉中将其句法音调整个吸入。每日选二三句,回环熟诵,此数句读音必正,出口必熟。如此半年,操英语能力必大进。
链接
- 斯坦福大学演讲(英文)
- What are Similes?
- What are Adverb Particles?
- compound_nouns
- beyond-mvp-10-steps-to-make-your-product-minimum-loveable
- http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000031.htm
- https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/subjunctive_mood.htm
- The Go-To Person: What You Need To Become One
- Relative clauses – non-defining relative clauses